Keywords
Barreira Cutânea
Imunologia
Prurido
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin inflammation that begins in the first years of an individual's life as a result of an exacerbated immune response to certain agents, the main manifestation of which is intense itching of the skin. The prevalence of AD varies according to geographical region and climatic conditions. In Brazil, it is estimated that up to 20% of the pediatric population is affected by this pathology, with 60% of cases beginning in the first year of life. Objectives: To provide a comprehensive overview of atopic dermatitis (AD), from its pathophysiological foundations to the treatment options available. Methodology: This literature review searched PubMed, Scielo and LILACS databases, using the descriptors "Dermatitis, Atopic" AND "Etiology" AND "Physiopathology" AND "Diagnosis" AND "Treatment". 32 articles were selected because they best addressed the chosen topic. Results and Discussion: AD results from the interaction between genetic factors, skin barrier dysfunction and immunological alterations, as well as environmental factors. Deficiency of filaggrin, a crucial skin barrier protein, contributes to permeability to allergens and microorganisms, perpetuating skin inflammation. AD involves an exacerbated Th2 immune response, leading to IgE production and mast cell activation, exacerbating clinical symptoms. These consist of pruritus and chronic or recurrent lesions. In childhood, AD is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles and crusts, mainly on the face and limbs. In the prepubertal phase, lesions in the flexural regions predominate, with lichenification. Diagnosis is clinical, based on specific criteria. In some cases, complementary tests may be necessary to rule out other skin conditions. Treatment is based on the use of emollients and topical therapies such as corticosteroids, as well as immunobiologicals in more severe cases. It is also important to identify environmental factors and allergens capable of triggering atopic dermatitis. Conclusion: AD is a complex dermatological condition influenced by genetic, immunological, environmental and dietary factors. Its prevalence is increasing, and early recognition of symptoms, patient and family education and appropriate treatment are extremely important.
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