Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a worldwide condition characterized by the persistent presence of chronic inflammation of the airways, resulting in a progressive restriction of airflow. Objective: To evaluate the risk factors, exacerbations and therapeutic aspects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methodology: This is a bibliographic review that included original articles and systematic reviews in English and Portuguese, which addressed risk factors for exacerbations and management of COPD, published between 2015 and 2024, selected from the PubMed, Scopus and SciELO databases. After careful selection, 20 articles were chosen to compose this bibliographic review. Results: There are several risk factors that contribute to the condition, such as bacterial and viral infections, smoking, air pollution and exposure to residential biomass. Management includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, with an emphasis on smoking cessation as a central priority. The pharmacological approach includes beta-2 agonists, antimuscarinics and corticosteroids. Considerations: Managing COPD requires a broad understanding of the risk factors that exacerbate the clinical state and contribute to recurrent hospitalizations. Management strategies, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, with an emphasis on smoking cessation, are essential. Pharmacological treatment has been shown to be effective, especially triple therapy, and is crucial for reducing exacerbations and improving the quality of life of patients with COPD.
References
Agarwal AK, Raja A, Brown BD. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
Biancardi E, Fennell M, Rawlinson W, Thomas PS. Viruses are frequently present as infectious agents in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients presenting to hospital. Intern Med J. 2016;46(10):1160–1165.
Cheng LL, Liu YY, Su ZQ, et al. Clinical characteristics of tobacco smoke-induced versus biomass fuel-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Transl Int Med. 2015;3(3):126–129.
DeVries R, Kriebel D, Sama S. Outdoor Air Pollution and COPD-Related Emergency Department Visits, Hospital Admissions, and Mortality: a Meta-Analysis. COPD. 2017;14(1):113–121.
Erhabor GE, Adeniyi B, Arawomo AO, et al. Acute exacerbation of COPD: clinical perspectives and literature review. West Afr J Med. 2021;Vol. 38:1129–1142.
García-Gómez L, Hernández-Pérez A, Noé-Díaz V, Riesco-Miranda JA, Jiménez-Ruiz C. Smoking cessation treatments: current psychological and pharmacological options. Rev Invest Clin. 2019;71:7–16.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria. [ Mar; 2023 ]. 2023.
Gut-Gobert C, Cavailles A, Dixmier A, et al. Women and COPD: do we need more evidence? Eur Respir Rev. 2019;28(151):180055.
Lareau SC, Fahy B, Meek P, Wang A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199:0–2.
Leung JM, Niikura M, Yang CWT, Sin DD. COVID-19 and COPD. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(2):2002108.
Li X, Wu Z, Xue M, Du W. Smoking affects clinical characteristics and course of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective observational study. Chron Respir Dis. 2020;17:1479973120916184.
Liu J, Ran Z, Wang F, et al. Role of pulmonary microorganisms in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2021;47(1):1–12.
McCarthy B, Casey D, Devane D, Murphy K, Murphy E, Lacasse Y. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2.
Melani AS. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2015;8:479–501.
Patel JG, Nagar SP, Dalal AA. Indirect costs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review of the economic burden on employers and individuals in the United States. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:289‐300
Ritchie AI, Wedzicha JA. Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, and Consequences of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations. Clin Chest Med. 2020;41(3):421–438.
Rochester CL, Vogiatzis I, Holland AE, et al. ATS/ERS Task Force on Policy in Pulmonary Rehabilitation. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society policy statement. Enhancing implementation, use, and delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(11):1373‐86.
Stolz D, Papakonstantinou E, Grize L, et al. Temporal evolution of upper respiratory tract viral infection and COPD exacerbation. Eur Respir J. 2019;54(4):1900407.
Trucchi C, Paganino C, Orsi A, Florentiis D, Ansaldi F. Influenza vaccination in the elderly: why are the overall benefits still hotly debated? J Prev Med Hyg. 2015;56(1):E37‐43.
Wang C, Xu J, Yang L, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China (China Pulmonary Health [CPH] study): a national cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2018;391(10131):1706–1717.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Paulo Vytor Cardoso Nobre, Flávia Maria Silva Cavalcante , Lorena da Silva Santos , Ana Letícia Néri Marques, Rosângela Natália Gomes Quintino de Holanda Cavalcante, Alina Malta Brandão Nunes, Gustavo Malta Brandão Fireman, Camila Amorim Ferreira dos Santos, Yasmin de Freitas Melo Oliveira , Leticia Rabelo Magalhães Martins , Morgana Regina de Andrade Lima, Pedro Cantarelli Primo de Carvalho