The impact of severe pre-eclampsia on maternal and fetal health

Abstract

Introduction: Pre-eclampsia, a serious gestational complication, involves hypertension and organ dysfunction after the 20th week, with complex etiology. Classified as mild and severe, the latter presents intense symptoms such as severe hypertension, proteinuria and organic dysfunction. As for diagnosis, clinical criteria and exams such as blood pressure measurement, urine analysis and ultrasound are used. Severe pre-eclampsia increases risks such as placental abruption, fetal growth restriction and premature birth, requiring hospital treatment and, in critical cases, immediate delivery. Investments in research are crucial to optimize the prevention and management of this complex condition. Objective: Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the impacts of severe preeclampsia on maternal and fetal health. Methodology: The study employs a methodological approach to literature review to comprehensively and updatedly analyze preeclampsia, maternal health, fetal health, and complications. The search was conducted across various platforms using specific descriptors, resulting in 295 items. After eliminating duplicates, inclusion criteria were applied, yielding 32 relevant articles from 2019 to 2024, in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. This rigorous selection ensured the relevance of the information to achieve the research objectives.Results and Discussion: Severe pre-eclampsia has significant impacts on mothers and fetuses, both in the short and long term. In the short term, maternal health is compromised, with risks of eclampsia, kidney failure, HELLP syndrome and placental abruption, often leading to premature birth. In the long term, women face a greater risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and kidney damage, with possible emotional repercussions. For fetuses, there are immediate risks such as growth restriction and neonatal complications, while studies point to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders and neurological problems in adult life. The uniqueness of each case demands regular medical monitoring and preventive measures.