Metabolic dysfunctions of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects approximately 1 in 15 women of reproductive age. Its pathogenesis is related to genetic and environmental factors. Among genetic factors, studies have shown that women who present variations in the CYP11a, CYP17, CYP19 and CYP21 genes have intrinsic changes in steroidogenesis. Furthermore, alterations in the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) gene, follistatin gene and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene were found in women suffering from this endocrine disorder. On the other hand, the occurrence of PCOS related to environmental factors is linked to women with obesity and the use of endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A. The diagnosis of PCOS is based on the Rotterdam criteria which requires the presence of at least two of the following elements : oligoanovulation, hyperandrogenism and the identification of polycystic ovaries using ultrasound. PCOS can present several metabolic dysfunctions, such as hyperandrogenism, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and hyperinsulinemia, which can trigger type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, other organs such as the heart and liver can be affected by this disease, further impairing the quality of life of these patients. patients. The treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome is based on non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures. Among non-pharmacological measures, physical activity and lifestyle changes are the main interventions for these patients. On the other hand, pharmacological measures, such as the use of insulin sensitizers, contraceptives and anti-androgens have shown significant efficacy in the treatment of PCOS.