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A exposição ao estresse durante a infância é amplamente reconhecida como um fator de risco significativo para o desenvolvimento de transtornos psicológicos e comportamentais, incluindo vícios na vida adulta. Este artigo de revisão examina os efeitos do estresse precoce no desenvolvimento cerebral e na vulnerabilidade ao vício, enfatizando a intrincada interação entre o estresse infantil e as alterações neurobiológicas, particularmente no eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal (HPA) e nas vias de recompensa dopaminérgica, ao mesmo tempo em que considera fatores genéticos e ambientais que podem modular o risco de dependência por meio de interações gene-ambiente. As evidências científicas indicam que o estresse infantil pode causar alterações profundas e duradouras no desenvolvimento do cérebro, particularmente em áreas envolvidas na regulação emocional, no controle de impulsos e na resposta ao estresse. Essas alterações criam um ambiente neurobiológico propício para o desenvolvimento de vícios na idade adulta, ao modificar a funcionalidade do sistema de recompensa e aumentar a vulnerabilidade a substâncias que induzem a liberação de dopamina. A intrincada interação de predisposições genéticas, mecanismos de apoio social, resiliência psicológica e intervenções precoces indica que, embora o estresse infantil aumente a propensão a comportamentos aditivos, tais resultados não são predeterminados, necessitando da identificação e aprimoramento de fatores de proteção para a formulação de estratégias de saúde pública e práticas clínicas destinadas a aliviar os impactos do estresse precoce e promover o desenvolvimento saudável ao longo da vida; consequentemente, uma estratégia abrangente que integre fortes apoio social, terapêutico medidas e iniciativas preventivas podem diminuir significativamente a suscetibilidade de indivíduos enfrentarem adversidades precoces ao vício.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Fernanda Felix Giordani, Jhonatan dos Santos Franco, João Francisco Gonçalez Rossito Cavalcante, Stella Rezende, Marília de Melo, Ana Laura Monteiro de Oliveira, Camila Lopes Dias Arroyo, Luana Martins Ferreira, André Felipe Moresco Ritt, Gabriele de Oliveira Passos, Fernanda Machado Maran, Alanis Belmonte Bergmann